Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sheets have emerged as promising materials for membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their exceptional physical properties and resistance to fouling. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of PVDF MBRs in treating industrial wastewater. The laboratory investi

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a efficient technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their distinct structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a porous hollow core and a dense outer layer, provide a significant surface area for biofilmformation and efficient separa